Breast Cancer A Leading Cause Of Death And Major Health...

Introduction Cancer is a leading cause of death and major health problem all over the world. According to the statistics from World Health Organization (WHO), more than 10 million people are diagnosed with cancer and about 6 million will die from these disease each year. Among all the cancers, breast cancer is the most widespread malignancy in women. In 2013, Breast cancer was estimated to claim close to 40,000 lives with over 200,000 new cases in American women, making it major cancer mortality reason among women (Ping, Siegal, Almeida, Schnitt Shen, 2014). There is still no known cause for breast cancer however some of the known risk factors are family history, alcohol abuse, aging, and obesity. Preventing breast cancer is still an issue but early diagnoses can help stop the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body and also reduce breast cancer deaths. Breast tumors can be either â€Å"benign† (non-cancerous) or â€Å"malignant† (cancerous) and the type of the tumor can be identified by using the Tumor, Nodes and Metastasis (TNM) staging system and the disease stage can range from stage I to stage IV. In the stage 0 (carcinoma in situ), there is a high probability of developing invasive form of cancer in a short period of time. This staging system of breast cancer allows treatment options without surgical biopsy and therefore it is one of the most important factors in detecting breast tumors. Thus, a reliable procedure is required to accurately distinguish and diagnoseShow MoreRelatedThe Issues of Breast Cancer in Nigeria Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pages‘mild breast lumps.’ It is an ailment that could lead to breast cancer. We are happy to see women respond to our awareness programs.† said Dr. Rosa Phil (1). In her article, Dr. Phil commends Mrs. Anyanwu for taking action against breast cancer as s he recommends all women do the same. 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Quantitative Analysis of Soda Ash by Double-Indicator Titration free essay sample

This experiment aims to analyze the percent composition of a substance mixture by using double indicator titration. The analyte used is the soda ash which is titrated with an HCl titrant, standardized by 1o Na2CO3. The indicators used are phenolphthalein for basicity and methyl orange for acidity. The two volumes of the titrant are then used to calculate percent composition of soda ash analyte. Statistical parameters such as relative standard deviation and confidence limits are also calculated. At the end of the experiment, the calculate percent /calculated average percent by mass of Na2CO3 is 27. 6% with a relative standard deviation of 64. 1 ppt and confidence intervals of 43. 5% 11. 7% and the average percent by mass of NaHCO3 is 5. 23% with a relative standard deviation of 128 ppt and confidence intervals of 11. 3% -0. 8%. With these results and the fulfilled objectives, the experiment was a success Introduction This experiment focuses in the analysis of soda ash, a widespread industrially used substance in petroleum refining, glass making, detergent anufacture, water treatment etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Analysis of Soda Ash by Double-Indicator Titration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be a pure compound of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide or the mixture of the three with compatible percent compositions. These compositions are determined by acid-base titrations, a volumetric process in determining the concentration of a substance in a certain solution which uses a base or acid as the titrant. The reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid occurs in 2 stages, with the formation of bicarbonate ion as the intermediate product. (1) (2) Equation 1 shows the production of the bicarbonate on in the first titration and equation 2 shows that the bicarbonate is consumed in the second titration. Graph 1. Endpoints of HCl with Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 Graph 1 shows that sodium carbonate has two endpoints, the phenolphthalein endpoint which indicates neutralization of the carbonate ion and the methyl orange endpoint which indicates neutralization of the bicarbonate ion. Some terms concerning titration are: analyte, titrant, standard, equivalence point, end point, indicators. Analytes are the unknown substances to be analyzed. Standards are the substances with known oncentrations and they pr ovide a reference to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instruments. Primary standards, reagents that are extremely pure, stable, have no waters of 1 hydration, and have high molecular weights, are used to determine the accurate concentration of the standard solution. Titrant is the reagent inside the burette that would be dropped in the analyte. The volume of the titrant that is used to completely neutralize the base or acid component of the analyte will be used to calculate for the concentration of the unknown substance in the analyte.